Latex functionalized with structural units of an arginine functionalized monomer

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a stable aqueous dispersion of polymer particles comprising structural units of a polymerizable amino acid and structural units of an acid monomer or a salt thereof. The composition of the present invention is useful in improving lipstick stain resistance in coatings compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a stableaqueous dispersion of polymer particles (i.e., a latex) functionalizedwith structural units of an arginine functionalized monomer. Thecomposition of the present invention is useful in coating formulations.

Exceptional stain resistance and/or stain blocking of coatingsformulated with coatings-grade emulsion polymers is a continuingchallenge for formulators, in part because it is often difficult tobalance improvements in stain resistance with a concomitant adverseimpact on other paint performance properties. To add to the complexityof the problem, an improvement in hydrophobic stain resistance oftencorrelates with a detriment to hydrophilic stain resistance.

For example, it is known that using concentrations of sodium laurylsulfate surfactant exceeding 2 weight percent can have a positive impacton many hydrophobic stains, but can also compromise water resistance andhydrophilic stain resistance, as well as exacerbate surfactant leechingand water spotting.

Incorporating phosphoethyl methacrylate (PEM) into binders in coatingsformulations can greatly improve resistance to hydrophilic stains(coffee, in particular); nevertheless, PEM is known to exacerbate gritformation during the paint making process. Additionally, PEM-containingpolymers often exhibit limited compatibility in the presence of certainformulation raw materials (such as certain types of attapulgite orbentonite clays).

Ethyl acrylate (EA) functionalized polymer particles are particularlyresistant to lipstick stains, but concentrations of EA exceeding 20% ofthe total latex particle composition are often required to see thiseffect, thereby limiting other monomer choices. Moreover, EA has a verylow odor threshold, therefore requiring extensive and sometimes costlychasing of residual monomer.

Additionally, many of the acid monomers or adjuncts that are used toachieve colloidal stability, such as surfactants and persulfates, canhave a negative impact on stain resistance. Accordingly, it would be anadvance in the art of stain resistance to find a way to strike a betterbalance between stain resistance and other performance properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses a need in the art by providing acomposition comprising an aqueous dispersion of polymer particlescomprising from 0.02 to 4 weight percent structural units of an acidmonomer or a salt thereof; and from 0.05 to 3 weight percent structuralunits of an arginine functionalized monomer characterized by thefollowing structure:

wherein X is NH, NHCH₂CH₂O, NHCH₂CH₂NR or NHCH₂CH(OH)CH₂O; and each R isindependently H or CH₃.

The composition of the present invention is particularly effective inimproving lipstick stain resistance of a paint.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a composition comprising an aqueous dispersionof polymer particles comprising from 0.02 to 4 weight percent structuralunits of an acid monomer or a salt thereof; and from 0.05 to 3 weightpercent structural units of an arginine functionalized monomercharacterized by the following structure:

wherein X is NH, NHCH₂CH₂O, NHCH₂CH₂NR or NHCH₂CH(OH)CH₂O; and each R isindependently H or CH₃.

Preferably, X is NH and R is CH₃.

As used herein, the term “aqueous dispersion of polymer particles” issynonymous with the word “latex.”

As used herein, the term “structural unit” refers to the remnant of amonomer after polymerization. For example, a structural unit ofN²-arginine methacrylate is illustrated as follows:

where the dotted lines represent the points of attachment to the polymerbackbone. Preferably, the concentration of structural units of thearginine functionalized methacrylate in the polymer particles,preferably N²-arginine methacrylate in the polymer particles, is from0.1, more preferably from 0.2, and most preferably from 0.25 weightpercent, to 2, more preferably to 1 and most preferably to 0.75 weightpercent based on the weight of the polymer particles. It is understoodthat structural units of the arginine functionalized monomer includesalts and zwitterions thereof.

N²-Arginine methacrylate can be conveniently prepared by contactingarginine with methacrylic anhydride at room temperature.

Other examples of arginine functionalized methacrylates includeN²-(2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl-arginine, which can be preparedby the reaction of N²-arginine and glycidyl methacrylate:

and N²-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-arginine, which can be convenientlyprepared by condensation of arginine and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

As used herein, the term “acid monomer” is an ethylenically unsaturatedmonomer that contains an ionizable proton. Suitable classes of acidmonomers include carboxylic acid, sulfur acid, phosphorus acid monomers.Examples of carboxylic acid monomers and salts thereof include acrylicacid, methacrylic acid, and itaconic acid and salts thereof; examples ofsuitable sulfur acid monomers include sulfoethyl methacrylate,sulfopropyl methacrylate, styrene sulfonic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid,and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid, and salts thereof.

Examples of suitable phosphorus acid monomers include phosphonates anddihydrogen phosphate esters of an alcohol in which the alcohol containsor is substituted with a polymerizable vinyl or olefinic group.Preferred dihydrogen phosphate esters are phosphates of hydroxyalkylacrylates or methacrylates, including phosphoethyl methacrylate (PEM)and phosphopropyl methacrylates. PEM, which is an especially preferredphosphorus acid monomer, is represented by the following structure:

where R is H or

Preferably, the concentration of structural units of the acid monomer isin the range of from 0.05, more preferably from 0.1 and most preferablyfrom 0.3 weight percent, to preferably 6, more preferably to 4, and morepreferably to 2 weight percent, based on the weight of the polymerparticles. The acid monomer may also be a combination of acid monomers,for example, a phosphorus acid monomer, preferably at a concentration inthe range of from 0.1, more preferably from 0.2 and most preferably from0.5 weight percent, to preferably 5, more preferably to 3, and mostpreferably to 2 weight percent, based on the weight of the polymerparticles; and a carboxylic acid monomer preferably at a concentrationin the range of from 0.1, more preferably from 0.2 and most preferablyfrom 0.5 weight percent; to preferably 4, more preferably 2.5 weightpercent, based on the weight of the polymer particles.

The polymer particles are preferably acrylic-based polymer particles. Asused herein, the term “acrylic-based polymer particles” refers topolymer particles (including seed polymer particles) that comprise atleast 25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polymer particles,of structural units of methacrylate or acrylate monomers or acombination thereof. Preferably, the acrylic based polymer particlescomprise from 50, more preferably from 80, and most preferably from 90,to 99.9, more preferably to 98, and most preferably to 96 weight percentstructural units of acrylate or methacrylate monomers or a combinationthereof. Preferably, the polymer particles comprise one or moremethacrylate monomers such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate,or butyl methacrylate; and b) one or more acrylate monomers such asethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-propylheptyl acrylate, or 2-ethylhexylacrylate.

The acrylic-based polymer particles may also comprise from 0.1 to 0.5weight percent structural units of a multiethylenically unsaturatedmonomer such as divinyl benzene or allyl methacrylate, and may alsocomprise structural units of other monomers such as styrene in the rangeof from 5 to 50 weight percent based on the weight of the polymerparticles and vinyl acetate in the range of from 50 to 75 weight percentbased on the weight of the polymer particles.

The morphology of the polymer particles is not critical. The polymerparticles may be prepared by way of a single stage or by a multistagepolymerization reaction; they may have a spherical morphology or anacorn morphology, whereby a core portion protuberates from a shellportion of the polymer particles; and they may be pigment-adsorbing(e.g., TiO₂-adsorbing) polymer particles, but need not be.

The composition of the present invention further advantageously includespigments such as TiO₂ and other additives such as defoamers,surfactants, dispersants, rheology modifiers, biocides, and neutralizingagents. It has surprisingly been discovered that coating formed from thecomposition of the present invention, especially paints, show a markedresistance to lipstick stains without adversely affecting otherperformance properties of the paint.

EXAMPLES Comparative Example 1—Preparation of a BimorphologicalAdsorbing Latex not Functionalized with N²-Arginine Methacrylate

A. Core (Preform) Synthesis.

A first monomer emulsion (ME1) was prepared by mixing deionized water(200 g), Disponil FES 993 surfactant (43 g, 30% active), butyl acrylate(371.2 g), methyl methacrylate (195.2 g), allyl methacrylate (9.6 g),phosphoethyl methacrylate (51.2 g, 60% active), and methacrylic acid(12.8 g). To a 5-L, four necked round bottom flask equipped with apaddle stirrer, a thermometer, nitrogen inlet, and a reflux condenserwas added deionized water (600 g) and Disponil FES 32 surfactant (43 g,30% active). The contents of the flask were heated to 85° C. under N₂and stirring was initiated. A portion of ME1 (70 g) was then added,quickly followed by a solution of sodium persulfate (2.56 g) dissolvedin deionized water (30 g) followed by a rinse of deionized water (5 g).After stirring for 10 min, the remainder of ME1, followed by a rinse (25g), and an initiator solution of sodium persulfate (0.64 g) dissolved indeionized water (50 g) were added linearly and separately over 40 min.After the ME1 feed was complete, the contents of the flask were held at85° C. for 10 min, after which time the co-feed was completed and thecontents of the flask were then held at 85° C. for an additional 10 min.The contents of the flask were cooled to room temperature andneutralized to pH 3 with a dilute solution of ammonium hydroxide. Themeasured particle size using a Brookhaven BI 90 Plus particle analyzerwas 60-75 nm and the solids were 40%.

B. Acorn Core-Shell Synthesis

A second monomer emulsion (ME2) was prepared using deionized water (400g), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (55.4 g, 23% active), Disponil FES993 surfactant (48.17 g, 30% active), butyl acrylate (775.2 g), methylmethacrylate (797.33 g), ureido methacrylate (44.2 g, 50% active),acrylic acid (10.2 g), and sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate (11.33 g, 90%active).

To a 5-L, four necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer,a thermometer, N₂ inlet, and a reflux condenser was added deionizedwater (850 g) and Disponil FES 993 surfactant (5.65 g, 30% active). Thecontents of the flask were heated to 84° C. under N₂ and stirring wasinitiated. A portion of ME2 (75 g, 3.5% of total monomer) was thenadded, quickly followed by an aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate(5.1 g) dissolved in deionized water (25 g), followed by a rinse ofdeionized water (5 g). After stirring for 10 min, a portion of thepre-form from Step A was then added (212.5 g 5.0% of total monomer),followed by addition of the remainder of ME2 and then a solutioncontaining ammonium persulfate (1.7 g) and ammonium hydroxide (5 g, 29%active) dissolved in deionized water (55 g), each added linearly andseparately to the flask over a total period of 80 min. The contents ofthe flask were maintained at a temperature of 84° C. during the additionof the second monomer emulsion. When all additions were complete, thevessel containing the second monomer emulsion was rinsed with deionizedwater (25 g), which was then added to the flask.

The contents of the flask were cooled to 65° C. and a catalyst/activatorpair was added to the flask to reduce residual monomer. TERGITOL™15-S-40 surfactant (A Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company or itsAffiliates, 12.15 g, 70% solids) was added. The polymer was thenneutralized to pH 9 with a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution. Themeasured particle size using a Brookhaven BI 90 Plus particle analyzerwas 122 nm and the solids were 49.5%.

Comparative Example 2—Preparation of a 2-Stage Spherical Adsorbing Latexnot Functionalized with N²-Arginine Methacrylate

ME1 was prepared by mixing deionized water (200 g), Disponil FES 993surfactant (34 g, 30% active), butyl acrylate (309.4 g), methylmethacrylate (252.62 g), phosphoethyl methacrylate (30.6 g, 60% active),and sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate (2.64 g, 90% active).

ME2 was prepared using deionized water (300 g), Disponil FES 32surfactant (28.33 g, 30% active), butyl acrylate (574.6 g), methylmethacrylate (449.48 g), ureido methacrylate (51 g, 50% active),acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (53.68 g, 95% active) and sodium4-vinylbenzenesulfonate (4.92 g, 90% active).

To a 5-L, four necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer,a thermometer, N₂ inlet, and a reflux condenser was added deionizedwater (900 g) and Disponil FES 32 surfactant (5.65 g, 30% active). Thecontents of the flask were heated to 85° C. under N₂ and stirring wasinitiated. A portion of ME1 (105 g) was then added, quickly followed byan aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate (5.1 g) dissolved indeionized water (25 g), followed by a rinse of deionized water (5 g).After stirring for 10 min, the remainder of ME1 and a solutioncontaining ammonium persulfate (0.67 g) dissolved in deionized water (30g), were added linearly and separately to the flask over a total periodof 45 min. After the completion of the addition of ME1, the vesselcontaining ME1 was rinsed with deionized water (25 g), which was thenadded to the flask, and the contents of the flask were maintained at atemperature of 85° C. for 15 min. ME2 and a solution containing ammoniumpersulfate (1.03 g) dissolved in deionized water (50 g), were addedlinearly and separately to the flask over a total period of 70 min.After 20 min into the addition of ME2, a solution containing ammoniumhydroxide (10 g, 29% active) dissolved in deionized water (20 g) wasadded linearly and separately to the flask concurrent with the additionof ME2. When all additions were complete, the vessel containing ME2 wasrinsed with deionized water (25 g), which was then added to the flask.

The contents of the flask were cooled to 70° C. and a catalyst/activatorpair was added to the flask to reduce residual monomer. The polymer wasthen neutralized to pH 9.3 with a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution.The measured particle size using a Brookhaven BI 90 Plus particleanalyzer was 109 nm and the solids were 48.0%.

Comparative Example 3—Preparation of a Spherical Non-Adsorbing Latex notFunctionalized with N²-Arginine Methacrylate

A monomer emulsion was prepared by mixing deionized water (800 g),sodium lauryl sulfate (16.59 g, 28% active), butyl acrylate (957.95 g),methyl methacrylate (977.53 g), and methacrylic acid (19.52 g).

To a 5-L, four necked round bottom flask equipped with a paddle stirrer,a thermometer, N₂ inlet, and a reflux condenser was added deionizedwater (700 g), sodium lauryl sulfate (19.73 g, 28% active), and asolution of sodium carbonate (6.8 g) dissolved in deionized water (67g). The contents of the flask were heated to 88° C. under N₂ andstirring was initiated. A portion of the monomer emulsion (59 g) wasthen added, quickly followed by an aqueous solution of ammoniumpersulfate (6.8 g) dissolved in deionized water (25 g) followed by arinse of deionized water (5 g). After stirring for 10 min, the remainderof the monomer emulsion and a solution containing ammonium persulfate(1.04 g) dissolved in deionized water (99 g), were added separately tothe flask over a total period of 65 min. After the completion of theaddition of the monomer emulsion, the vessel containing the monomeremulsion was rinsed with deionized water (25 g), which was then added tothe flask, and the contents of the flask were maintained at atemperature of 88° C. for 5 min.

The contents of the flask were cooled to 75° C. and a catalyst/activatorpair was added to the flask to reduce residual monomer. The polymer wasthen neutralized to pH 8.5 with a dilute ammonium hydroxide solution.The measured particle size using a Brookhaven BI 90 Plus particleanalyzer was 140 nm and the solids were 50.6%.

Example 1—Preparation of a Bimorphological Adsorbing LatexFunctionalized with N²-Arginine Methacrylate

The latex was prepared substantially as described in Comparative Example1 except that, in part B, the amount of methyl methacrylate was reducedby 17 g to 780.33 g and N²-arginine methacrylate (42.5 g, 40% active)was added to the ME2 mixture. The measured particle size using aBrookhaven BI 90 Plus particle analyzer was 128 nm and the solids were49.2%.

Example 2—Preparation of a 2-Stage Spherical Adsorbing LatexFunctionalized with N²-Arginine Methacrylate

The latex was prepared substantially as described in Comparative Example2 except that the amount of methyl methacrylate was reduced by 8.5 g to440.98 g in ME2 and N²-arginine methacrylate (21.2 g, 40% active) wasadded to the ME2 mixture. The measured particle size using a BrookhavenBI 90 Plus particle analyzer was 106 nm and the solids were 48.4%.

Example 3—Preparation of a Spherical Non-Adsorbing Latex Functionalizedwith N²-Arginine Methacrylate

The latex was prepared substantially as described in Comparative Example3 except that the amount of methyl methacrylate in the monomer mixturewas reduced by 9.8 g to 967.73 g and N² arginine methacrylate (24.5 g,40% active) was added to the monomer emulsion mixture. The measuredparticle size using a Brookhaven BI 90 Plus particle analyzer was 131 nmand the solids were 50.6%.

Table 1 shows the materials and steps used to prepare the paintformulations that were subjected to lipstick stain resistant testing.Binder refers to latexes prepared from Examples 1 and 2 and ComparativeExamples 1 and 2. Ultra refers to ROPAQUE™ Ultra Opaque Polymer; Kronos4311 refers to Kronos 4311 TiO₂ slurry; Tamol 2011 refers to TAMOL™ 2011Dispersant; Tergitol 15-S-40 refers to TERGITOL™ 15-S-40 Surfactant; ASP170 refers to ASP 170 Kaolin Clay; Minex 10 refers to Minex 10 NephelineSyenite; Attagel 50 refers to Attagel 50 extender; Optifilm 400 refersto Optifilm 400 Coalescent. ROPAQUE, TAMOL, and TERGITOL are allTrademarks of The Dow Chemical Company or its Affiliates.

TABLE 1 Paint Formulations Using Examples 1 and 2 and ComparativeExamples 1 and 2 lbs gal Premix Binder 540.80 61.14 Ultra 21.37 2.50Defoamer 1.00 0.12 Kronos 4311 299.57 15.36 Grind Kronos 4311 49.93 2.56Water 16.12 1.93 Tamol 2011 11.28 1.24 Defoamer 1.00 0.12 Tergitol15-S-40 0.22 Ammonia (28% aq) 1.00 0.13 Place grind pot on Cowles andadd the following: ASP 170 20.00 0.93 Minex 10 20.00 0.92 Disperse for25 min at 1500 rpm, then add: Attagel 50 3.00 0.15 Add grind into Premixthen continue Coalescent 15.00 1.87 Optifilm 400 3.99 0.50 Tergitol15-S-40 2.00 0.22 Water 74.19 8.89 HEUR ICI builder 10.34 1.19 Adjust KUto 90-100, ICI to 1 to 1.2, pH to 9.0 to 9.2 Totals 1092.59 100.00

Table 3 shows the materials and steps used to prepare another paintformulation that was subjected to lipstick stain resistant testing.Binder refers to latexes prepared from Example 3 and Comparative Example3.

TABLE 2 Paint Formulations Including Binders from Example 3 andComparative Example 3 lbs gal Grind Water 40.00 4.79 Byk-022 1.00 0.12Surfonyl CT-111 3.28 0.41 Tamol 2011 8.76 0.96 Ti-Pure R-746 314.2516.17 Letdown Binder 3 538.88 60.69 Tamol 2011 11.28 1.24 BYK-024 4.990.59 Texanol 27.27 3.44 Add grind and adjuct pH to 8.6 RM-2020 26.223.01 RM-8W 2.70 0.31 Water 79.00 9.46 Adjust KU to 95-100, ICI to 1 to1.2, pH to ~8.6 Totals 1046.34 99.97

Table 3 compares particles sizes and pH values of the examples andcomparative intermediate examples; PS refers to average particle size ofthe polymer particles.

TABLE 3 Particle Size and pH Comparisons Example PS No. (nm) pH 1 1289.3 Comp. 1 122 9.0 2 106 9.3 Comp. 2 109 9.4 3 131 8.5 Comp. 3 140 8.5

The results suggest no apparent deleterious impact on colloidalstability and no loss of particle size control resulting from theinclusion of N²-arginine methacrylate functionality into the polymerparticles.

Procedure for Stain Testing (Adapted from ASTM Method D4828)

The test paint was cast on a black vinyl chart with 7-mil (wet) Dowapplicator, and a control paint was cast adjacent to the test paint. Thepaints were dried at 77° F. (25° C.) at 50% relative humidity for sevendays. One-half inch sections were marked across the test panel andlipstick was applied uniformly to fill in the test area. The stains wereallowed to soak in for about 2 h. A 3″×4″ sponge was soaked in tap waterand squeezed out until no more water dripped from the sponge. The spongewas then attached to a 1-kg abrasion boat and 10 mL of thoroughly-mixedLeneta Standardized Non-Abrasive Scrub Medium and 15 mL of tap waterwere applied to the exposed face of the sponge. The panel was thenscrubbed for 100 cycles with the 1-kg boat using a GARDCO Washability &Wear tester. (Model D10 WA-2151). The panel was rinsed thoroughly withwater and allowed to dry; the extent of stain removal was rated using aBYK Spectro-guide 45/0 gloss meter to measure the LAB* values of thescrubbed and unscrubbed sides of the panels, and ΔE values were thencalculated. Table 4 shows the ΔE values for each of the paints. Paints 1to 3 refers to paints prepared using latexes from Examples 1 to 3;Paints 1a, 1b, and 1c refer to paints prepared using the latexes fromComparative Examples 1, 2, and 3.

TABLE 4 Lipstick Stain Resistance Results Example No. Solids (%) ΔEPaint 1 49.2 0.7 Paint 1a 49.5 4.3 Paint 2 48.4 0.3 Paint 2a 48.0 8.2Paint 3 50.6 0.3 Paint 3a 50.6 3.7

The results show a dramatic improvement in lipstick stain resistance forthe paints containing binder functionalized with N²-argininemethacrylate. It has also been discovered that other performanceproperties of the paints such as paint viscosity stability, hiding,scrub resistance, and block resistance were not adversely affected bythe inclusion of such relatively low concentrations of N²-argininemethacrylate.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising an aqueousdispersion of polymer particles comprising from 0.02 to 4 weight percentstructural units of an acid monomer or a salt thereof; and from 0.05 to3 weight percent structural units of an arginine functionalized monomercharacterized by the following structure:

wherein X is NH, NHCH₂CH₂O, NHCH₂CH₂NR or NHCH₂CH(OH)CH₂O; and each R isindependently H or CH₃.
 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein thearginine functionalized monomer is N²-arginine methacrylate.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 2 wherein the polymer particles comprise from 0.1to 4 weight percent structural units of a carboxylic acid monomer or asalt thereof, based on the weight of the polymer particles, and from 0.2to 2 weight percent structural units of N²-arginine methacrylate,wherein the carboxylic acid monomer is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid,or itaconic acid.
 4. The composition of claim 2 wherein the polymerparticles comprise from 0.1 to 4 weight percent structural units of asulfur acid monomer or a salt thereof, based on the weight of thepolymer particles, and from 0.2 to 2 weight percent structural units ofN²-arginine methacrylate, wherein the sulfur acid monomer is styrenesulfonic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid.
 5. Thecomposition of claim 2 wherein the polymer particles comprise from 0.2to 3 weight percent structural units of phosphoethyl methacrylate or asalt thereof, based on the weight of polymer particles.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 2 wherein the polymer particles comprise 0.1 to 4weight percent structural units of an acid monomer or a salt thereof,wherein the acid monomer is a) a carboxylic acid monomer and a sulfuracid monomer; or b) a carboxylic acid monomer and a phosphorus acidmonomer; or c) a sulfur acid monomer and a phosphorus acid monomer; ord) a carboxylic acid monomer, a sulfur acid monomer, and a phosphorusacid monomer.
 7. The composition of claim 6 wherein the polymerparticles comprise 80 to 99.9 weight percent structural units of amethacrylate or an acrylate monomer or a combination thereof.
 8. Thecomposition of claim 7 wherein the polymer particles comprise structuralunits of methyl methacrylate, and one or more acrylates selected fromthe group consisting of ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-propylheptylacrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
 9. The composition of claim 7wherein the polymer particles are TiO₂-adsorbing particles having acornmorphology; or spherical TiO₂-adsorbing particles; or TiO₂ non-adsorbingpolymer particles, or combinations thereof.
 10. The composition of claim1 which further comprises TiO₂ and one or more additives selected fromthe group consisting of defoamers, surfactants, dispersants, rheologymodifiers, biocides, and neutralizing agents.